Humanities FPLC Gardeta-Healey 2006-7
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Chapter Summary
The Humanities and the Dynamics of Inclusion since World War II. "The Place of Value in a Culture of Facts: Truth and Historicism. " James T. Kloppenberg
The focus of this chapter is to analyze two moments in which thinkers outside emerging scholarly orthodoxies tried-without great success- to define the legitimacy of their forms of value-oriented humanistic inquiry against hostile critics.
The first part of this article shows German Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Hohler, the French neo-Thomist philosopher Etienne Gilson in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the German Jewish political philosopher Leo Strauss, international in scope standing against two dominating traditional positions, associationism and intuitionism. Kohler was against science banishing the study of ethics and aesthetics from philosophy. Instead, he recommended that "science must be expanded to take into account the diffused human experience of valuing." He was also against behaviorism and urged scholars to widen their concepts of measurement and logic. Gilson considered philosophy to be consistent with scholastic theology. He recommended a deep appreciation of one another, harmonious cooperation, genuine liberalism, and non-dogmatism. He urged the community of philosophers to return to metaphysics and escape the trap of historicism. Leo Strauss completely opposed historicism since "science and history conspire to blind modern man to nature" and both are "natural obstacles to philosophy." Leo Strauss proposed the return to the "universal truth" conceived from Jacques Maritain's "Judeo-Christian values." He was opposed to the modern science models that gave only value to the empiricism, historicism, and relativism. "Modern man should embrace religion in faith as a precondition for the discovery of the true human dignity." But, in spite of his opposition “issues of consciousness or values in psychology and philosophy vanished from scholars” and substituted by "serious work of measuring empirical data."
In the second part of his article, James Kloppenberg finds small evidence of all three thinkers in our contemporary understanding of the humanities social science education. Piaget's developmental psychology and the strength of behaviorism is so main stream mainly because results can be measured and characterized more plausible to science. Nowadays, questions about consciousness or values no longer bring together psychologists and philosophers. Ironically, Gestalt psychology has reentered academic life from scholars outside these two disciplines:
1945, Harvard's Red Book committed to "teach the place of human aspirations and ideals in the total scheme of things."
Interpretative or hermeneutical strands descended from Gestalt psychology persist in anthropology, history, and sociology, and even in political science.
Christian moral theologians, without invoking Gilson, have created a thriving field with contributions from women and men from the southern and northern hemispheres.
Strauss’ brand of Aristotle continues attracting students to the “eternal truth."
Studying the questions of value at the heart of the humanities and discursive social sciences remains worth the effort for it help us to see more clearly and judge more perceptively the nature of the problems, the cultural rewards and the collective cost of the choices we make among the options we face.
What Makes a Life Significant?
Glossary
Associationism and Intuitionism explain complex psychological phenomena as being built up from the association of simple sensations, stimuli and responses, or other behavioral or mental elements considered as primary.
Behaviorism believes that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states. Historicism is the theory that all cultural phenomena are historically determined and that historians must study each period without imposing any personal or absolute value system.
Relativism is any theory holding that criteria of judgment are relative, varying with individual and their environments.
Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially of scriptural texts.
Positivism is a philosophical system founded by Auguste Comte, concerned with positive facts and phenomena, and excluding speculation upon ultimate causes or origins.
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Categories: FPLC | Humanities | 2006-7
